Publications | Universidad del Pacífico

El impacto de la extracción de recursos naturales en la equidad interpersonal a nivel departamental en el Perú (The impact of the extraction of natural resources on interpersonal equity at departmental level in Peru)

The findings of this paper suggest that the effect of canon transfers to regional and local governments does not necessarily contribute significantly to economic development or reduce poverty. There are several factors that prevent or make this difficult to happen. Therefore, the aim is to study the real effect the canon from extractive activities has on districts that generate it. State management is not efficient and there is a poor institutional quality. Furthermore, the fact that the level of government closest to the population is the Municipality should be taken into account as in a country where there are many levels below the State, all procedures become more cumbersome and less transparent, turning corruption into a latent problem.
The aim of this study is to measure the impact of the income generated by the extractive industries in the various territories that benefit from the interpersonal equity of the income measured by the Gini coefficient. The department will be considered as the representative territory unit. The Gini index will be calculated at departmental level from 2004, year in which there is data representativeness at that level. The international prices of minerals exported by the country will be the indicators of the income generated by the mining industry.
Among the specific objectives are estimating department inequality indicators in order to identify those areas where there is a greater disparity of income among the population; showing the evolution of the inequality indicators at departmental level over time; estimating inequality indicators at territorial level to compare the evolution of the disparity in the territory over time.
Download: El impacto de la extracción de recursos naturales en la equidad interpersonal a nivel departamental en el Perú (The impact of the extraction of natural resources on in interpersonal equity at departmental level in Peru)
Author (s): Carlos Augusto Casas Tragodara
Year: 2014
Extracción de recursos naturales, desarrollo económico e inclusion social en el Perú (Extraction of natural resources, economic development and social inclusion in Peru)

Will Peru escape from "the curse of natural resources"? Will it be able to use the extensive resources generated by mining today to close social gaps and re-orient its economy towards tomorrow? Will it be able to restrict the negative environmental and social impacts that extractive industries can generate?
These are some of the questions that guide this document. According to the authors, some features of the present situation suggest that we are living a time far from the prosperity and missed opportunities from the past, although this does not necessarily ensure that the historical result will be different. Among these features is the international context, with the diversification of demand for our minerals and the great importance of China. There is also globalization of standards of transparency and social and environmental responsibility, and the creation of new entities and public policies in the effort to implement these standards in Peru. Another important change is we that live in a democracy, where more and more actors claim their right to participate in the debate, public decision-making, and the distribution of the benefits obtained from the exploitation of our natural resources.
This document provides an overview of the situation of mining and development in contemporary Peru. It includes sections on the legal and tax framework, mechanisms for transparency and accountability, and the evolution of citizen participation and prior consultation. It finishes with recommendations for a future research agenda.
Download: Extracción de recursos naturales, desarrollo económico e inclusion social en el Perú (Extraction of natural resources, economic development and social inclusion in Peru)
Author (s): Cynthia Ann Sanborn, Juan Luis Dammert
Year: 2013
Peru’s Economic Boom and the Asian Connection

This paper analyzes recent economic and diplomatic relations between Peru and Asia, with emphasis on China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. In the last decade, Peru has experienced remarkable economic growth, driven by global demand for its minerals and other natural resources, combined with sound macroeconomic policies and a firm commitment to international trade.
Although Peru´s relations with Asia tend to reinforce its overall position as a mineral exporter, the country has not experienced significant "de-industrialization". On the contrary, through aggressive pursuit of free trade agreements (FTA) and new foreign investment, trade with Asia has increased in scope and diversity, with considerable dynamism in value-added exports to China and Japan. Furthermore, Peru´s booming extractive industries have not only benefitted from Asian demand, but also from significant new direct investment, and from efforts by Asian firms to comply with global standards for mining operations.
Conceding the fact that policymakers can be credited for successful negotiation of FTAs, subsequent advances in trade and investment with Asian partners have largely been the result of private initiative. The authors conclude that if Peru is going to take better advantage of these opportunities over the longer term, to achieve a more diversified and productive economy, greater state leadership and strategic public policies will be necessary.
Download: Peru's economic boom and the Asian connection
Author (s): Sanborn, Cynthia; Yong Manrique, Alexis Siwaig
Year: 2014
The importance of natural resources in the generation of resources for the State and the of Peruvian system of intergovernmental transfers

The increase of transfers related to the operation of extractive industries to subnational governments has been significant in recent years. This has been accompanied by an increase in their volatility, both between municipalities each year, as well between the municipalities that receive canon against those who do not. Using a panel data covering the period 1998-2011, international total income price elasticities were estimated for municipalities in each department in order to identify the different effects an adverse shock would have on the exchange terms of municipal finances. The results show a strong dispersion of elasticities, ranging from a value of 1.89 for Pasco to 0.52 for Huancavelica. These numbers show the need for mechanisms for income stabilization, especially in the most sensitive areas.
Download: La importancia de los recursos naturales en la generación de recursos para el Estado y el Sistema de transferencia intergubernamental peruano (The importance of natural resources in the generation of resources for the State and the of Peruvian system of intergovernmental transfers)
Author (s): Carlos Augusto Casas Tragodara
Year: 2014